Turbulent flow is encountered in a large number of applications in various industries. In general, any moderate to high Reynolds number flow problem will involve turbulence. Turbulence may have a strong influence on momentum along with heat and mass transfer. To meet the diverse range of turbulence modeling requirements a wide choice of turbulence models are available in CFD-ACE+. These include Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) models as well as Large Eddy Simulation (LES) models. The full list of available models is as follows:

RANS (with wall functions)

• Standard k-e Model
• RNG k-e Model
• Kato-Lauder k-e Model
• Spalart-Allmaras Model

RANS (without wall functions)

• Two Layer k-e Model
• Chien Low Reynolds Number k-e Model
• k-w Model
• k-w Shear Stress Transport (SST) Model

LES

• Smagorinsky Model
• Germano's Dynamic Subgrid Scale Model
• Menon's Localized Dynamic Subgrid Scale Model

These turbulence models have been validated and successfully used for a wide range of applications. Results from selected validation and application studies are shown on the right.